Nationalism in India
Topic: First World War
1. What was the impact of the First World War on India ?
or, How did the ‘First World War’ create new economic and political situations in India? Explain with examples.
or, Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer:
The First World War created a new economic and political situation and posed
the following problems in India.
- It
led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war
loans.
- Custom
duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
- Through the war
years, prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to
extreme hardships for the common people.
- Villagers
were called upon to supply soldiers by forced recruitment in rural areas
which caused widespread anger.
- Between
1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in
acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an Influenza epidemic.
·
Topic: The idea of Satyagraha
2. Explain
the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Or,
Explain four points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘satyagraha’.
Answer:
(i) Satyagraha
was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of 'satyagraha'
emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
(ii)
It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice,
then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
(iii)
According to Gandhiji, without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a
satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence.
(iv) This
could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi Believed that this dharma of nonviolence could unite all Indians.
3. How did Mahatma Gandhi successfully organize Satyagraha
Movement in various places just after arriving in India? Explain by giving three
examples.
Answer: After arriving in India,
Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized Satyagraha Movement in various
places:
(i) In 1917, he travelled to
Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
(ii) In 1917, he organized a
Satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat who were
affected by crop failure and plague epidemic and could not pay the revenue
(iii) In 1918, Mahatma
Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize Satyagraha Movement amongst cotton mill
workers.
· Topic: The Rowlatt Act
4. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919? How was it organized?
or, How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples.
Answer: Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 because of the following reasons.
- In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members.
- The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
- It was organised in the following ways:
- Gandhiji wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws.
- It started with hartal on 6th April 1919.
- Rallies were organised in various cities in India.
- Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
- Shops were closed down in protest.
5. Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists.
Answer: Three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists were:
- Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.
- Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
- On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
- Martial law was imposed.
6. Why was Gandhiji decided to call off the Rowlatt Satyagraha?
Answer: Gandhiji decided to call off nationwide satyagraha against Rowlett Act because
i. On 13 April the famous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
ii . There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
iii. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
iv. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam to all sahibs.
v. People were flogged and villages around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
i. On 13 April the famous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
ii . There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
iii. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
iv. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam to all sahibs.
v. People were flogged and villages around Gujranwala in Punjab now in Pakistan were bombed.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
7. Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh.
Answer:
i. On 13th April large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
ii. Some come to protest against the government's new repressive measures and others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
iii. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
iv) General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds to create a feeling of terror.
Impact:
i. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
ii . There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
iii. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
iv. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam to all sahibs.
ii . There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
iii. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
iv. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam to all sahibs.
v. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-violent civil disobedience movement.
8. “Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of unified national movement” Can you explain that opportunity.
Answer: That opportunity was the ‘Khilafat Issue’.
i. The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. And there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the ottoman emperor-the spiritual head of the Islamic world the Khalifa.
ii)To defend the khalifa’s temporal power, a khilafat committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. iii) A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, Began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of united mass action on the issue.
iv)Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
9. What were three proposals regarding Non- Cooperation movement, as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi?
OR, Gandhiji proposed that Non-Cooperation Movement should unfold in stages. Explain those stages.
2. It should begin with the surrender of titles awarded by the government .
3. Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative council, schools and foreign goods.
4. Then, In case the government used repression, a civil disobedience movement would be launched.
4. Then, In case the government used repression, a civil disobedience movement would be launched.
Topic: Differing Strands within the Movement
10. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities? Explain.
OR How did the 'Non-Cooperation Movement' spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front.
Answer: Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country:
(i) The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
(ii) Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned.
(iii) lawyers gave up their legal practices.
(iv) The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras where Justice Party took part in elections.
Effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were :
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires.
(iv) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. In value, the drop was from Rs. 102 crore to Rs.57 crore.
(v) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
(vi) The people began discarding imported clothes and wore only Indian ones.
(vii) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up tremendously.
11. Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Explain.
Answer: The Non-Cooperation Movement slowed down in the cities for various reasons:
i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. So people could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
ii) Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed a problem as there were no alternative Indian institutions to fulfill the educational needs.
iii) The students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
12. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain.
Answer: Non-Cooperation Movement spread in the countryside:
(i) In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here the movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.
(ii) Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords farms without any payments.
(iii) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(iv)By the end of 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and others had formed Oudh Kisan Sabha. So after the beginning of the Non- Cooperation. Movement, Congress wanted to integrate the Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.
(v) As the movement spread, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked: bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.
(vi) Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Gandhiji and idea of swaraj in their own way. In Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement was organised against colonial oppression under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. He was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(vii)The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
13. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer: Major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh were:
(i) The landlords and talukdars of Awadh demanded exorbitantly high land rent and a number of other cesses from the peasants.
(ii) The peasants were compelled to do begar, that is, they had to work at landlord’s farm without payment.
(iii)As tenants, the peasants had no security of tenure and were often evicted from their land, they could not acquire any right over the leased land.
14. The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
Answer: The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. This statement can be supported by the following arguments.
(i) For plantation workers in Assam freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(ii) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and, they were rarely given such permission.
(iii)When they heard of the Non-cooperation movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations, and headed home.
(iii)They believed that Gandhi Raj meant that they would be given land in their own villages.
Topic: Towards Civil Disobedience
15. Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain the reasons.
Answer: Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 because of the following reasons.
(i) Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent at many places and the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for the mass struggle.
(ii) Within the Congress some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in the elections to the provincial councils set up after by the Government of India Act 1919.
(iii) At Chauri Chaura in 1922 , a peaceful demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police . Immediately after that, Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
16. Explain the effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.
Answer: The effects of worldwide economic depression were:
(i) There was a fall in agricultural prices from 1926 and it collapsed after 1930.(ii) As the demand for agricultural goods fall and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay the revenue.
(iii) In the countryside, rich peasant communities were the producers of commercial crops. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.
17. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Answer: (i) The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon.
(ii) It was set up in response to the nationalist movement.
(iii) The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
(iv) The problem was that the commission didn't have a single Indian member.
(v) When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan 'Go back, Simon'.
(vi) All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.
Topic: Salt March
18. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi found in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
(i) On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to the Viceroy Irwin, stating eleven demands. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax.
(ii) Salt is consumed by all sections of the society, by the rich and the poor alike.
(iii) It is one of the most essential items of food.
(iv) Mahatma Gandhi declared that tax on salt and government monopoly over its production was the most oppressive step taken by the British government.
(v)Mahatma Gandhi choose salt because all sections of the society could identify with it and everyone could be brought into a united struggle.
19. Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
Answer: (i) Mahatma Gandhi started his famous 'salt March' or 'Dandi March' on 11th March 1930 accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers.
(ii) The march was to cover 240 miles from Gandhi's ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati Coastal town of Dandi.
(iii) The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.
(iv) On 6h April 1930, he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(v) This marked the beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement.
20. ‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
21. How did colonial government react as the Civil Disobedience Movement spread in the country? Explain any three points.
(i) The Colonial Government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
(ii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers at Solapur attacked police posts and government institutions .
(iv) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
(v) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked. Women and children were beaten, about 1,00,000 people were arrested.
22. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement because of the following reasons.
i) The Colonial Government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
(ii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers at Solapur attacked police posts and government institutions .
(iv) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
(v) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked. Women and children were beaten, about 1,00,000 people were arrested.
(vi) It was under these circumstances, Gandhiji called off the Civil Disobedience Movement.
23. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain.
Or
Why did Gandhiji
relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement after the Second Round Table
Conference? Explain any three reasons.
Answer: Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension because of the following reasons.
(i) In December 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Round Table Conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned disappointed.
(ii) In India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression.
(iii) Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal.
(iv) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
Topic: Participation in the Civil Disobedience
24. Why did the rich peasants take part in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Give five reasons.
Answer: Five reasons because of which rich peasant communities took active participation in the civil disobedience movement were:
(i) Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats in Uttar Pradesh who were producers of commercial crops were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
(ii) As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
(iii) The refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread anger and resentment.
(iv) So, the rich peasants became enthusiastic supporter of the Civil Disobedience Movement to free them from the situation.
(v) For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
25. How did Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples.
Answer: The different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were:
(i) In the countryside, the rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh took an active part in the movement. They were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices and were unable to pay the government's revenue demand. For them, Swaraj meant to struggle against high revenue.
(ii) As the depression continued poor peasantry found it difficult to pay the rent. They joined a variety of radical movements often led by socialists and communists.
(iii) Indian merchants and industrialists resented colonial policies that restricted trade. They were against imports of foreign goods. When the civil disobedience movement was first launched, they gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported cloth. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
(iv)Some workers participated in the movement with their selective approach adopted from Gandhian ideas to protest against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers and dockyard workers. Thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
(v)Women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement in large number. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
26. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyse the reasons.
Answer:
(i) Congress wanted to include the demands of the masses as a whole and not a particular group or class.
(ii)If the demand of the workers were included, then industrialists would get offended. The industrialists were supporting the Congress financially.
(iii) The Congress did not want to alienate the industrialists and create anti-imperialist feelings.
27. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement.
OR
How did the industrialists relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
Answer:
The attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement was:
i) During the 1st World War Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful.
ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a Rupee Sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage import.
iii) To organize business interest they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries - FICCI in 1927.
iv) Eminent businessmen like Purshotamdas, Thakurdas and GD Birla also came in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement.They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
v) Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.
vi) After the failure of the Roundtable conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business.
28. How did women participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer : Participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Women in large number participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) During Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
(iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt.
(iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
(v) Many went to jail.
(vi) They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.
Topic: The limits of Civil Disobedience
29. 'Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement'. Examine the statement.
Answer : Dalit participation in Civil Disobedience Movement was limited because :
i). Congress had ignored Dalits for a long time because they didn't want to offend the conservative high-caste Hindus.
ii). But Gandhi wanted to eliminate untouchability. He called them children of God or Harijan and organized satyagraha to get them access to public wells, schools, and temples.
iii). He himself cleaned toilets to respect the work of the bhangi and tried to persuade the upper caste to give up untouchability.
iv). But many Dalit leaders believed only political empowerment can solve the problems faced by the community in the society.
v). They demanded separate electorates for the Dalit community in legislative councils and reserved seats in educational institutions. So Dalit participation was limited especially in the Maharashtra and Nagpur region.
30. How did Gandhiji try to integrate the Depressed Classes into society? Explain any three points.
Answer : Gandhiji tried to integrate the Depressed Classes into society in the following ways:
i) He organised Satyagraha to secure entry into temples for them and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
ii)He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables.
iii)He persuaded the upper classes to change their attitude towards the depressed classes and give up untouchability.
iv)When the British conceded to demand of Dr BR Ambedkar to have separate electorates for the depressed classes, Gandhiji went on a fast unto death as he believed that a separate electorate for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
31. How did BR Ambedkar try to improve the conditions of the Depressed Classes? Explain any three points.
Answer: BR Ambedkar tried to improve the conditions of the Depressed Classes in the following ways:
i) In 1930, Dr. BR Ambedkar organised the Dalits into an organisation called the Depressed Classes Association, now known as the scheduled caste.
ii) His ideas regarding the depressed class deferred from that of Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted separate electorates for Dalits.
iii) Whilst at Round Table Conference in London he demanded separate electorates for Dalits and the British coloniser conceded his demand. This caused Mahatma Gandhi to fast unto death because he believed that a separate electorate for the Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the main society.
iv) He signed the Poona Pact with Gandhi ji and the Congress giving the opportunities to depressed to secure a reserved seat for Dalits in the provincial and Central Legislative Council to be voted in general election.
32. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer: The main features of 'Poona Pact' were :
i) The Poona Pact in September 1932 gave Depressed Classes later to be known as Scheduled Caste reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
ii) They were to be voted in by the general electorate.
iii) The act came into force due to Gandhiji's fast unto death, and Ambedkar ultimately accepting Gandhiji's stand. 33. ‘Some of the Muslim political organizations in India, were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer: Large sections of Muslims were lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the following factors :
(i) The decline of Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements led to the alienation of Muslims from the Congress.
(ii) From the mid 1920's, the Congress was seen to be visibly associated with Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
(iii) Relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, and communal riots took place.
(iv) In 1927 the Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate a compromise, but some important differences remained unsolved.
(v) Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status of Muslims in India. Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hopes of resolving the issue at the All Party Conference disappeared, when Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.So when Civil Disobedience began, there was an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion among the communities and Muslim response was lukewarm.
Topic: The Sense of Collective Belonging
34. "Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation”.Justify the statement.
Answer: The spreading of nationalism took place due to following factors
(i) United Struggle : Different religious groups and communities unitedly struggled against the British rule.(ii) Cultural Processes : Unity spread through various cultural processes like history, folklore, songs and symbols that helped in spread of nationalism.
(iii) Common Identity : The painting of‘Bharat Mata was commonly identified as motherland and affected the people equally.
(iv) Revival of India Folklore : Reviving the folklore through folk songs, legends helped in promoting traditional culture and restore a sense of pride in the past history and culture.
(v) Role of the Leaders : Leaders like’ Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru aroused the feelings of nationalism through their motivational speeches and political activities.
Thus, it can be concluded that nationalism spread, when people began to believe that they were all part of the same nation.
35. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, Popular prints, symbol etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle.
Answer:
i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of Nationalism.
ii) Identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat mata.
iii) In the 1870s, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ' Vande Mataram ' as a hymn to the mother land.
iv) Idea of Nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
v) Likewise Khadi, charka used by Mahatma Gandhi become symbols of agitation and resistance.
36. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of the ‘Swaraj Flag’.
Answer: By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. The main features of this flag were as follows.
- It was a tricolour (red, green and white).
- It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
37. What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Answer:
i)During the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
ii) It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India.
iii) It had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
38. WWhat are the limitation of the civil disobedience movement.
Answer: The limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement are-
1. The Congress ignore the dalits and the depressed classes in order to please the high caste Hindus. Hence, the participation of the depressed classes was Limited.
2. The Congress was associated with the Hindu related Nationalist groups. So, the Muslim participation was less.
3. There was distrust between the communities alienated by the Congress. Large sections of Muslims did not respond to the civil disobedience movement.
4. The rich peasants were disappointed when the civil disobedience movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised.
5. The Congress was closer to and supported the business class due to which the industrial working class did not participate in the movement.
