Class 12 History : 3 Kinship, Caste and Class

 Kinship, Caste and Class

Q1. Explain how you will prove that the text of Mahabharata was a dynamic one.

Answer : The following points prove that the text of Mahabharata was a dynamic one: 

(i) Written in Many Languages: The growth of the Mahabharata did not stop with the composition of the Sanskrit version. Over the centuries, it has been written in many languages through an ongoing process of dialogues between people, communities and those who wrote the texts. 

(ii) Several Stories: As it incorporated several stories that originated in different regions, the Mahabharata became an epic text. 

(iii) Wide Range of Themes: They also provide a wide range of themes and performing arts like plays, dance and narratives.

Q2. Explain why patriliny may have been particularly important among elite families.

Answer : Patriliny was particularly important among elite families because:

1. Inheritance of property: Under patriliny, property and wealth were generally passed from the father to his sons.
2. Continuation of family lineage: It ensured that the family name, status and lineage continued through the male descendants.
3. Political power: In ruling families, the throne and political authority were usually inherited by sons. This helped maintain control over kingdoms and territories within the same family.
4. Preservation of wealth and status: Elite families owned large amounts of land, wealth and other resources. Patrilineal inheritance helped keep these within the family.

Thus, patriliny helped elite families preserve their property, political power, social status and family lineage across generations.

Q3. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society derived from the Purusha Sukta?

Answer : The Buddhist theory of social contract differed from the Brahmanical view derived from the Purusha Sukta in the following ways:

1. Origin of society:
   According to the Buddhist tradition, society developed through a mutual agreement among human beings. People chose a ruler to maintain order and punish wrongdoers. Thus, social organisation was considered a result of human choice and agreement.
2. Brahmanical explanation:
   The Purusha Sukta explained the origin of the four varnas as divine. Brahmanas emerged from the mouth, Kshatriyas from the arms, Vaishyas from the thighs, and Shudras from the feet of Purusha.
3. Basis of social position:
   The Brahmanical system associated social position with birth and prescribed duties, whereas the Buddhist tradition placed greater emphasis on individual conduct and actions rather than birth.
4. Role of the king:
   In the Buddhist theory, people selected a ruler and agreed to give him a share of their produce in return for protection and maintenance of order. This made kingship a result of a social agreement.

Conclusion:
Thus, the Brahmanical view presented social divisions as divinely ordained, while the Buddhist theory explained social order as a human creation based on agreement, needs and actions.

Class 12 History Chapter 1 Bricks, Beads and Bones The Harappan Civilisation

Bricks, Beads and Bones The Harappan Civilisation

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings NCERT Solutions

 Chapter 1 

Matter in Our Surroundings

Q1. Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.
Answer: Chair, air, almonds, cold drink and smell of perfume.

Q2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Answer: We know that, with an increase in temperature of a substance the kinetic energy of a substance increases, and hence  rate of diffusion of gas increases . 

Thus, the smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go close.

Q 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does this observation show?
Answer: This shows that the particles of water have intermolecular space between them .

Q 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?
Answer. The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
(1) Particles have inter-molecular space.
(2) Particles have inter-molecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.

Q 5. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Answer: Increasing density:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.

Question 2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
Answer: (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.

Minerals and energy resources class 10

 Minerals and energy resources class 10 

 Q1. Classify metallic minerals with an example of each.

Answer : Metallic minerals can be classified as:

 (i) Ferrous: Provides a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. e.g., Iron ore, manganese 

(ii) Non-ferrous: Plays a vital role in metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries. e.g., Copper, lead, bauxite.

 (iii) Precious: It is an expensive metallic mineral and not corroded by water. It is found in placer deposits e.g. gold, silver, platinum etc. 

Q2.  "Minerals occur in various forms". Support this statement with examples. 

Answer :  Occurrence of minerals:

 (i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. 

(ii) In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth's surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead, etc., are obtained from veins and lodes. 

(iii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. For example gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. 

(iv) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.

 (v) Certain minerals may occur as allvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called 'placer deposits' and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals. 

3. Describe any three features of ferrous minerals found in India.

Answer : i)Ferrous minerals in India account for approximately three-fourths of the total price of the production of metallic minerals.

 ii)They provide a strong foundation for the expansion of metallurgical industries. 

iii) India is also a leading exporter of ferrous minerals, magnetite, hematite are some of the common ferrous minerals. 

iv) Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra are the chief states where these minerals are found. 

CBSE Class 10 Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Notes with question answer

  Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations

CHEMICAL REACTION

The process in which a substance or substances undergo change, to produce new substances with new properties, is known as a chemical reaction.

Reactants: The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.

Products: The new substances formed as a result of the chemical reaction are called products.

Class 10 Chapter 5 Life Processes

 Life Processes 

1. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi cellular organisms like humans?

Answer : Multicellular organisms such as humans possess complex body designs. They have specialised cells and tissues for performing various necessary functions of the body such as intake of food and oxygen. Unlike unicellular organisms, multicellular cells are not in direct contact with the outside environment. Therefore, diffusion cannot meet their oxygen requirements.

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Class 9 Science Chapter 11 Sound

1. How does the sound produced by a vibrating object in a medium reach your ear?

Answer: When an object vibrates, it forces the neighbouring particles of the medium to vibrate. These vibrating particles then force the particles adjacent to them to vibrate. In this way vibrations produced by an object are transferred till it reaches the ear.

2. Explain how sound is produced by your school bell.

Answer : When the school bell is struck with a hammer, it starts vibrating and as a result of these vibrations, sound waves are produced in air.

3. Why are sound waves called mechanical waves?

Answer : Sound waves are mechanical waves because they need a material medium for propagation, like air or liquids like water, or metals like silver.

4. Suppose you and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound produced by your friend?

Answer : No, because sound waves need a medium through which they can propagate. Since there is no material medium on the moon due to the absence of atmosphere, you cannot hear any sound on the moon.

5. Which wave property determines (a) loudness, (b) pitch?

Answer : (a) The loudness of sound is determined by the amplitude of sound waves.

(b) The pitch of sound is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound producing source.

6. Guess which sound has a higher pitch: guitar or car horn?

Answer : Guitar has a higher pitch than car horn because sound produced by the strings of guitar has high frequency than that of car horn. High the frequency higher is the pitch.

7. What are wavelength, frequency, time period and amplitude of a sound wave?

Answer : Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs is known as the wavelength. Its SI unit is metre (m).

Frequency: The number of complete oscillations per second is known as the frequency of a sound wave. It is measured in hertz (Hz).

Amplitude: The maximum height reached by the crest or trough of a sound wave is called its amplitude.

8. How are the wavelength and frequency of a sound wave related to its speed?

Answer : we know that ,speed=wavelength×frequency, so this means that speed is directly proportional to the wavelength and frequency ,so if any of them increase then the speed also increases.

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